Molecular Fate Mapping Atlas

Browse webpages dedicated to embryonic tissue types and development of the definitive organ systems. Each page contains an overview. Terms with a star (☆) indicate pages with in-depth written descriptions, associated supplemental figures, in situ hybridization images and sequences for transcripts validated by WISH.

 

▻ organism subdivision

▻ anatomical system

▻ organ

▻ tissue

▻ cell

▻ developing anatomical structure

▻ regenerating anatomical structure

 

 

organism subdivision

termdefinition
anatomical regionA subdivision of an anatomical compartment.
Expand anatomical region child relations
        |––– anterior pole Distinct anterior cluster of muscle cells located at the midline which express notum, follistatin, zic-1, and foxD.
        |––– anterior tip The anterior-medial region of the head margin.
        |––– copulatory region Portion of the sexual biotype body plan immediately posterior to the parapharyngeal region, and immediately anterior to the tail. Encompasses the copulatory apparatus.
        |––– head The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. A three dimensional compartment bounded by the anterior margin or the head and the posterior boundary of the cephalic ganglia (brain).
        |––– longitudinal region A region bounded by any sagittal plane though the animal and the left or right side of the animal. NOTE: sagittal plane is an anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size
        |––– midline The median line/ plane of bilateral symmetry along the anteroposterior axis.
        |––– parapharyngeal region Region of the animal lateral to and surrounding the pharynx.
        |––– post-blastema region Adjacent to blastema, or proximal to blastema.
        |––– posterior pole Distinct posterior cluster of muscle cells located at the midline which express wnt1.
        |––– post-pharyngeal region Posterior to the pharynx.
        |––– prepharyngeal region Region of the juvenile or adult animal between the posterior end of the cephalic ganglia and the anterior end of the pharynx.
        |––– tail Caudal region, beginning at the mouth and ending at posterior pole.
        |––– tail stripe Medial region of the tail; the parenchymal space between the posterior primary gut branches.
        |––– tail tip The posterior-medial region of the tail margin.
definitive organism subdivisionAnatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole adult or juvenile organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems.
embryonic subdivisionAnatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole developing/ embryonic organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems.
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        |––– aboral hemisphere Stage 3-5 embryo hemisphere centered around the pole opposite the embryonic pharynx.
        |––– embryonic wall The parenchymal space between the gut cavity and the primitive ectoderm containing undifferentiated blastomeres in Stage 3-5 embryos.
        |––– oral hemisphere Stage 3-5 embryo hemisphere centered around the embryonic pharynx.

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anatomical system

termdefinition
digestive system ☆Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes.
integumental system ☆Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle.
musculature system ☆Total musculature of the planarian body.
nervous system ☆The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organisms, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO].
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        |––– central nervous system The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord.
        |––– peripheral nervous system A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
renal system ☆The renal system is an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.
reproductive systemAnatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction.
secretory systemAnatomical system that has as its parts cells and glands devoted to the discharge of substances such as mucus.
sensory systemAnatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information.
visual system ☆The sensory system subserving the sense of vision.

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organ

termdefinition
auricleA sense organ located along the dorsolateral head margin. The auricular groove is highly innervtated by ciliated sensory neurons, and has an altered epidermis devoid of rhabdites and gland cells.
body wall musculatureAny collection of muscles that is part of a body wall [Automatically generated definition].
cephalic gangliaThe planarian brain, consisting of two bilaterally symmetric lobes occupying a ventral position in the head.
epidermisA single cell layer of post-mitotic epithelial cells containing ciliated and non-ciliated cell types forming the exterior surface of the animal.
Expand epidermis child relations
        |––– non-ciliated epidermis Differentiating, immature epidermal cells lacking cilia.
extraembryonic organOrgan that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis.
Expand extraembryonic organ child relations
        |––– embryonic gut A cryptic digestive cavity comprised of phagocytic embryonic gut cells.
        |––– embryonic pharynx An innervated, muscular pump that ingests yolk cells into the gut cavity. The embryonic pharynx is an extraembryonic tissue that forms during Stage 2, functions during Stages 3-5, and degenerates during Stages 6-7.
        |––– primitive ectoderm A single cell layer of extraembryonic, post-mitotic ectodermal cells bounding the embryo. The primitive ectoderm forms during Stage 2 and is thought to degenerate as the definitive epidermis forms during Stages 5-7.
        |––– primitive gut Four large phagocytic cells associated with the embryonic pharynx.
eyeAn organ that detects light.
gutThe planarian triclad gut contains a central anterior gut branch connected to two posterior gut branches arranged around the pharynx. Secondary gut branches extend laterally from the primary gut branches, while tertiary gut branches extend from the secondary branches. Food and waste enter and exit the gut through the pharynx.
mouthThe sole point of entry and exit for the Triclad planarian flatworm gut. The mouth is connected to the pharyngeal pouch to allow for exit and re-entry of the pharynx on the ventral side of the animal. The mouth contains several cell types, including epithelial cells, muscle, and secretory cells.
parenchymal musculatureMuscles that are present through the mesenchyme, inclusing dorsal-ventral muscles, intestinal muscles and pharynx muscles.
pharynx ☆A plicate and protrusible organ that is the sole point of entry and exit for the Triclad gut. It contains epithelial, muscular, secretory and neuronal cell types.
protonephridiaExcretory organs consisting of flame cells, proximal tubules, and distal tubules connected to a mesenchymal collecting duct.
reproductive organAn organ involved in reproduction
Expand reproductive organ child relations
        |––– copulatory bursa An organ that receives and stores sperm from mating partners.
        |––– gonad Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).
                |–––––– ovary A gonad containing female germline stem cells which fuel oocyte production. Two ovaries are located ventally, underneath the body wall musculature, immediately posterior to the cephalic ganglia (brain) and adjacent to the ventral nerve cords. The neoblast compartment, including piwi-1+, nanos+ primordial germ cells, fuel formation of the ovaries during juvenile development.
                |–––––– testis A gonad containing male germline stem cells which fuel sperm production. Testes are located dorsolaterally, and are excluded from the head. The neoblast compartment, including piwi-1+, nanos+ primordial germ cells, fuels formation of testes during juvenile development and regeneration.
        |––– oviduct Ciliated tubes adjacent to the ventral nerve cords, adjoining the tuba and the bursal canal, that transport fertilized oocytes to the genital atrium.
        |––– penis papilla A rounded protuberance, connected to the seminal vesicles, responsible for transferring semen into a mating partner's bursal canal.
        |––– seminal vesicle Glandular pouches adjoining the sperm ducts which produce seminal fluid.
        |––– sperm duct A network of tubes that transport sperm from the testes to the seminal vesicles. Tubes connect each testis to ducts that run along the ventral nerve cords. The ducts bifurcate immediately posterior to the pharynx, where they connect to the seminal vesicles.
        |––– tuba A sperm storage organ located immediately posterior to the ovary, at the anterior end of the oviduct. Oocytes exiting the ovary are fertilized in the tuba as they enter the oviduct.
ventral nerve cordThe pair of closely united ventral longitudinal nerves with their segmental ganglia that is characteristic of many elongate invertebrates (as earthworms)[BTO]. A large process bundle that runs along the vental mid-line extending from the ventral region of the nerve ring[WB]. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms[GO].
visceral musculatureMusculature surrounding internal organs of the body.
Expand visceral musculature child relations
        |––– enteric musculature Visceral muscle surrounding the gut.

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tissue

termdefinition
adhesion glandGroupings of specialized epithelial cells located along the dorsal ventral margin. Adhesion glands are comprised of three cell types, the viscid and releasing gland cells which penetrate through an epithelial anchor cell and terminate at the epidermal surface.
axon tractA group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination
Expand axon tract child relations
        |––– neuron projection bundle A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses.
                |–––––– optic chiasm A decussation of the diencephalon where the fibers of the optic nerve cross
brain visual centerRegion of the cephalic ganglia innervated by the optic nerve (posterior-projecting photoreceptor neuron fasiculated axons).
bursal canalThe passageway connecting the genital atrium to the copulatory bursa. Part of the copulatory apparatus. During mating, sperm from a partner is deposited into the bursal canal, where it collects in the copulatory bursa before travelling up the oviducts to the tuba.
cement glandGlands surrounding the genital atrium that are required for production of the proteinaceous egg capsule shell and stalk.
cephalic ganglia lobeOne of two bilaterally symmetric structures comprising the planarian brain.
collecting ductNon-ciliated tubules associated with the distal tubules, which cross the basement membrane and terminate in the dorsal epidermis.
commissureA bundle of nerve fibers crossing from one side to the other side of the brain or spinal cord.
Expand commissure child relations
        |––– brain commissure any of the nerve fiber tracts that span the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral and/or cerebellar hemispheres of the brain
                |–––––– anterior commissure A bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cephalic ganglia.
        |––– transverse commissure Axon tracts from ganglia that cross the midline, connecting the two ventral nerve cords.
distal tubuleSinusoidal, non-ciliated tubules connected to proximal tubules within the parenchyma. Tubules are formed via intercellular junctions between two epithelial cells.
epitheliumThe avascular cellular layers that cover body surfaces and cavities and may form glands.
Expand epithelium child relations
        |––– ciliated epithelium Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface.
                |–––––– dorsal stripe Ciliated epithelial cells along the dorsal midline.
                |–––––– oviduct epithelium Ciliated epithelium lining the oviduct.
                |–––––– pharynx inner epithelium Heavily ciliated epidermal cells covering the inner surface of the pharynx shaft.
                |–––––– pharynx outer epithelium Heavily ciliated epidermal cells covering the outer surface of the pharynx shaft. These are \"insunk\" epidermal cells in which the nuclei reside behind the layers of longitudinal and circumferential muscles and the epithelial cell body sends out a ciliated projection to the surface to cover and encase the shaft.
                |–––––– sperm duct epithelium Ciliated epithelium lining the sperm duct.
        |––– gastrodermis The single cell layer columnar epithelial lining of the intestine. The gastrodermis is surrounded by a basal lamina and enteric muscle.
        |––– pharynx epithelium Epithelia associated with the pharynx organ.
        |––– pharynx pouch epithelium An epithelial monolayer lining the pharynx pouch cavity.
esophagusAttachment between the triclad gut and the proximal end of the pharynx.
flame bulbTerminal structure of protonephridia unit; consists of flame cells.
ganglionA biological tissue mass of nerve cell bodies.
gut branchThe triclad planarian gut is serially bifrucated into connected lumens where each bifrucation is a branch.
Expand gut branch child relations
        |––– anterior gut branch A branch of the triclad gut located anterior to the pharynx.
        |––– primary gut branch The largest branch of the triclad intestine. It is comprised of the gastrodermis, a columnar epithelium, surrounded by basal lamina and visceral musculature.
                |–––––– anterior primary gut branch The single, central gut branch of the triclad gut anterior to the pharynx.
                |–––––– posterior primary gut branch The primary gut branches of the triclad gut lateral and posterior to the pharynx and pharyngeal pouch.
        |––– quarternary gut branch Gut branches originating from and connected to the tertiary gut branches.
        |––– secondary gut branch Gut branches, originating from and connected to the primary gut branches, that extend laterally towards the body edge.
        |––– tertiary gut branch Gut branches originating from and connected to the secondary gut branches.
inner zone of gland cellsGland or secretory cells sandwiched between muscle and epidermal layers in the pharynx.
lateral branchNerve branches that extend from the lateral side of each cephalic ganglia lobe. Each lobe has nine lateral branches which terminate in sensory organs. Evidence suggests they play a role in chemosensation.
lateral nerveA nerve extending laterally from the ventral nerve cord that innervates the submuscular plexus.
nerveAn enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures.
Expand nerve child relations
        |––– optic nerve A neuron projection bundle that connects the retina or its analog in the eye with the brain. This includes the vertebrate optic nerve (not truly a nerve) as well as analogous structures such as the Bolwig nerve in Drosophila.
nerve plexusAnatomical junction where subdivisions of two or more neural trees interconnect with one another to form a network through which nerve fibers of the constituent nerve trees become regrouped; together with other nerve plexuses, nerves and ganglia, it constitutes the peripheral nervous system. Examples: cervical nerve plexus, brachial nerve plexus, sacral nerve plexus[FMA].
Expand nerve plexus child relations
        |––– gastrodermal plexus A thin net of single nerve fibers located around the gut.
        |––– ovary nerve plexus Nerve plexus surrounding the ovary.
        |––– pharynx inner nerve plexus Ring of the pharynx nerve plexus that is proximal to the lumen.
        |––– pharynx nerve plexus Plexus of nerves located in the pharynx comprised of inner and outer wall rings.
                |–––––– pharynx inner nerve plexus Ring of the pharynx nerve plexus that is proximal to the lumen.
                |–––––– pharynx outer nerve plexus Ring of the pharynx nerve plexus that is proximal to the exterior surface.
        |––– pharynx outer nerve plexus Ring of the pharynx nerve plexus that is proximal to the exterior surface.
        |––– subepidermal nerve plexus Plexus of nerves located just between the epidermis and the body wall musculature.
        |––– submuscular nerve plexus Plexus of nerves that innervate the body wall musculature.
        |––– testis nerve plexus Nerve plexus surrounding the testis.
neuropilA cluster of neurites that is part of a nervous system and forms a network of dendrites and axons where synapses are present and in which neuronal somata do not occur.
optic cupA portion of the eye containing pigment cells and dendritic projections from photoreceptor neurons.
parenchymaA loosely organized collection of connective tissue and cells, including neoblasts and their immediate progeny, located in the space outside of the organs between the body wall musculature and the gut.
pharynx musculatureThe total musculature within the pharynx.
pharynx pouchAn epithelial structure housing the pharynx, connected to the esophagus and mouth.
pharynx tipThe distal-most end of the pharnyx containing an opening to the pharynx lumen.
proximal tubuleCiliated epithelial cells form tubules, generating coiled, branching units terminating in flame bulbs. Tubules are formed via intercellular junctions between two epithelial cells. Proximal tubules are connected to non-ciliated distal tubules within the parenchyma.
rhabdomeThe light sensing structure consisting of photoreceptor neuron dendrites that project into the optic lumen and show close associations with eumelanin-containing pigment cup cells.
secretory ductA tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances.
vitelline glandGlands surrounding the oviducts which produce yolk cells. Yolk cells deposited into the oviducts travel to the genital atrium where they are packaged, along with one or more zygotes, into developing egg capsules.

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cell

termdefinition
embryonic cellA cell of the embryo.
Expand embryonic cell child relations
        |––– blastomere An undifferentiated, cycling embryonic cell in Stage 1-5 embryos that expresses piwi-1, numerous adult asexual neoblast enriched genes, and early embryo enriched genes. Blastomeres give rise to temporary embryonic tissues during Stage 2, continue dividing asynchronously in the embryonic wall, and ultimately give rise to neoblasts and adult lineage progenitors beginning in Stage 5.
germ cell1. A gamete (as an egg or sperm cell) or one of its antecedent cells. 2. A mature male or female germ cell usually possessing a haploid chromosome set and capable of initiating formation of a new diploid individual by fusion with a gamete of the opposite sex.
Expand germ cell child relations
        |––– female germ cell Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production.
                |–––––– early female germ cell A premeiotic female germ cell (i.e., a diploid female germline stem cell or transit amplifying oogonial cell).
                |–––––– female primordial germ cell Cells expressing nanos that are located ventrally in the location that the ovaries form. Primordial germ cells are present in both asexual adults and sexual hermaphrodites. This term may be redundant with oogonial stem cell.
                |–––––– oocyte A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.
                |–––––– oogonial cell An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.
                        |––––––––– anaphase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic anaphase
                        |––––––––– G1 phase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic G1 phase
                        |––––––––– G2 phase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic G2 phase
                        |––––––––– metaphase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic metaphase
                        |––––––––– prophase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic prophase
                        |––––––––– S phase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic S phase
                        |––––––––– telophase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic telophase
                |–––––– oogonial stem cell A piwi-1+, nanos+ cell residing in the ovary that self-renews and give rise to oogonial cells that differentiate into oocytes.
                        |––––––––– anaphase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic anaphase
                        |––––––––– G1 phase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G1 phase
                        |––––––––– G2 phase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G2 phase
                        |––––––––– metaphase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic metaphase
                        |––––––––– prophase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic prophase
                        |––––––––– S phase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic S phase
                        |––––––––– telophase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic telophase
        |––– gamete A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
                |–––––– oocyte A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.
                |–––––– sperm A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.
        |––– male germ cell A male germ cell is a germ cell that supports male gamete production.
                |–––––– early male germ cell A premeiotic male germ cell (i.e., a spermatogonial stem cell or transit amplifying spermatogonial cell).
                |–––––– male primordial germ cell Cells coexpressing piwi-1 and nanos that are required for male gonad formation. Primordial germ cells are present in both asexual adults and sexual hermaphrodites. This term may be redundant with spermatogonial stem cell.
                |–––––– sperm A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.
                |–––––– spermatid A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa.
                        |––––––––– elongate spermatid Spermatids expressing protein kinase A undergoing morphogenic changes to make mature sperm.
                        |––––––––– round spermatid A cyst of 8 interconnected spermatocytes undergoes meiosis, producing 32 haploid round spermatids. Round spermatids express protein kinase A, andundergo morphogenesis to produce mature sperm.
                |–––––– spermatocyte A tektin-1+ male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids.
                        |––––––––– diakinesis stage spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing diakinesis
                        |––––––––– diplotene stage spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing diplotene
                        |––––––––– leptotene stage spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing leptotene
                        |––––––––– meiosis II stage spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiosis II cell cycle phase
                                |–––––––––––– meiotic anaphase II spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic anaphase II
                                |–––––––––––– meiotic metaphase 2 spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic metaphase II
                                |–––––––––––– meiotic prophase II spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic prophase II
                                |–––––––––––– meiotic telophase II spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic telophase II
                        |––––––––– meiotic anaphase I stage spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic anaphase I
                        |––––––––– meiotic G1 phase spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic G1 phase
                        |––––––––– meiotic G2 phase spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic G2 phase
                        |––––––––– meiotic metaphase 1 stage spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic metaphase I
                        |––––––––– meiotic prophase I spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic prophase I
                        |––––––––– meiotic S phase spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic S phase
                        |––––––––– meiotic telophase I spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing meiotic telophase I
                        |––––––––– pachytene stage spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing pachytene
                        |––––––––– zygotene stage spermatocyte spermatocyte undergoing zygotene
                |–––––– spermatogonial stem cell gh4+, nanos+ cells residing at the testis periphery that self-renew and give rise to differentiating daughters that will ultimately produce haploid sperm.
                        |––––––––– anaphase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic anaphase
                        |––––––––– G1 phase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G1 phase
                        |––––––––– G2 phase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G2 phase
                        |––––––––– metaphase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic metaphase
                        |––––––––– prophase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic prophase
                        |––––––––– S phase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic S phase
                        |––––––––– telophase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic telophase
                |–––––– spermatogonium An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis. In planaria, the gh4+ stem cell daughter exiting the niche undergoes three rounds of transit amplifying division with incomplete cytokinesis prior to transitioning to terminal differentiation.
                        |––––––––– anaphase spermatogonia spermatogonium undergoing mitotic anaphase
                        |––––––––– G1 phase spermatogonium spermatogonium undergoing mitotic G1 phase
                        |––––––––– G2 phase spermatogonium spermatogonium undergoing mitotic G2 phase
                        |––––––––– metaphase spermatogonia spermatogonium undergoing mitotic metaphase
                        |––––––––– prophase spermatogonium spermatogonium undergoing mitotic prophase
                        |––––––––– S phase spermatogonium spermatogonium undergoing mitotic S phase
                        |––––––––– telophase spermatogonium spermatogonium undergoing mitotic telophase
        |––– meiotic germ cell A germ cell undergoing meiosis.
        |––– post-meiotic germ cell A haploid gamete undergoing terminal differentiation.
        |––– premeiotic germ cell A diploid germline stem cell or transit amplifying germ cell that has not committed to undergoing meiotic DNA replication, reductive divisions or terminal differentiation.
postsynaptic cellA specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
progenitor cellA cycling neoblast and/or post-mitotic cell that is primed or irreversibly committed to a tissue-specific differentation program
Expand progenitor cell child relations
        |––– cephalic ganglia progenitor cell A progenitor cell that gives rise to one or more of the cell type(s) in the nervous system.
        |––– dorsal epidermis progenitor cell A progenitor cell that gives rise to one or more of the cell type(s) in the dorsal epidermis.
        |––– epidermal progenitor cell Mitotically active zeta neoblasts and their post-mitotic descendants which undergo progressive differentiation and outward directed movement through the mesenchyme prior to incorporation into the epidermis, where terminal differentiation occurs.
                |–––––– Category 2 cell Post-mitotic, mesenchymally located epidermal progenitors downstream of the zeta neoblasts.
                |–––––– Category 3 cell Post-mitotic, mesenchymally located epidermal progenitors downstream of the Category 2 cells.
                |–––––– Category 4 cell Post-mitotic, mesenchymally and epidermally located progenitors downstream of the Category 3 cells.
                |–––––– zeta neoblast An abundant neoblast subclass consisting of p53+, zfp1+ progenitors required for maintenance and regeneration of epidermal cell type(s).
        |––– muscle progenitor cell Progenitor neoblasts implicated in the maintenance and regeneration of muscle fibers.
                |–––––– circular muscle progenitor cell piwi-1+, nkx1-1+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification of circular muscle fibers.
                |–––––– longitudinal muscle progenitor cell piwi-1+, myoD+, snail-1+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification and creation of longitudinal muscle fibers.
        |––– neoblast A heterogeneous population of pluripotent, somatic adult stem cells and lineage primed progenitors that are required for maintenance and regeneration of all cell types in planaria, including the germline.
                |–––––– anaphase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic anaphase
                |–––––– anterior pole progenitor cell piwi-1+, foxD+, prep+ progenitor neoblasts required for formation of the anterior pole.
                |–––––– circular muscle progenitor cell piwi-1+, nkx1-1+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification of circular muscle fibers.
                |–––––– clonogenic neoblast Pluripotent piwi-1+ stem cells that self-renew, form expanding colonies and produce differentiating daughters that contribute to multiple organ systems. cNeoblasts are predicted to be broadly distributed across the anteroposterior axis of the adult worm.
                |–––––– G1 phase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic G1 phase
                |–––––– G2 phase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic G2 phase
                |–––––– gamma neoblast An abundant neoblast subclass, exhibiting enriched expression of gata456a, hnf4, prox-1 and nkx2.2, implicated in maintenance and regeneration of the definitive gut.
                |–––––– klf+ sensory neuron progenitor cell piwi-1+, klf+ progenitor neoblasts required for production of cintillo+ sensory neurons.
                |–––––– longitudinal muscle progenitor cell piwi-1+, myoD+, snail-1+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification and creation of longitudinal muscle fibers.
                |–––––– metaphase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic metaphase
                |–––––– nu neoblast A population of piwi-2+, ston-2+, elav-2+, ptprd-9+ and msi-1+ progenitors that give rise to one or more neuronal (pc-2+, synapsin+) lineages.
                |–––––– pax3/7+ neural progenitor cell piwi-1+, pax3/7+ progenitor neoblasts implicated in the production of DBH+ ventral midline neurons.
                |–––––– prophase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic prophase
                |–––––– serotonergic neural progenitor cell piwi-1+, lhx1/5-1+, pitx+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification of tph+ serotonergic neurons.
                |–––––– sigma neoblast A heterogeneous subpopulation of neoblasts with enriched expression of SoxP-1 and SoxP-2 thought to contain both pluripotent stem cells and tissue-specific progenitors.
                |–––––– specialized neoblast A presumptive progenitor cell that expresses both pan-neoblast markers and pro-differentiation gene(s), frequently developmental transcription factors, implicated in lineage commitment and tissue-specific differentiation programs.
                |–––––– S phase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic S phase
                |–––––– telophase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic telophase
                |–––––– trail cell Ovo+ neoblasts and post-mitotic eye progenitors that simultaneously migrate and differentiate into photoreceptor neurons and non-neuronal pigment cup cells comprising the optic cup.
                |–––––– TrpA+ neural progenitor cell piwi-1+, runt-1+, ap2+ progenitor neoblasts required for production of TrpA+ neurons.
                |–––––– zeta neoblast An abundant neoblast subclass consisting of p53+, zfp1+ progenitors required for maintenance and regeneration of epidermal cell type(s).
        |––– neural progenitor cell Neoblasts and their differentiating daughters implicated in maintenance and regeneration of different tissues in the nervous system.
                |–––––– klf+ sensory neuron progenitor cell piwi-1+, klf+ progenitor neoblasts required for production of cintillo+ sensory neurons.
                |–––––– nu neoblast A population of piwi-2+, ston-2+, elav-2+, ptprd-9+ and msi-1+ progenitors that give rise to one or more neuronal (pc-2+, synapsin+) lineages.
                |–––––– pax3/7+ neural progenitor cell piwi-1+, pax3/7+ progenitor neoblasts implicated in the production of DBH+ ventral midline neurons.
                |–––––– serotonergic neural progenitor cell piwi-1+, lhx1/5-1+, pitx+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification of tph+ serotonergic neurons.
                |–––––– TrpA+ neural progenitor cell piwi-1+, runt-1+, ap2+ progenitor neoblasts required for production of TrpA+ neurons.
        |––– oogonial cell An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.
                |–––––– anaphase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic anaphase
                |–––––– G1 phase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic G1 phase
                |–––––– G2 phase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic G2 phase
                |–––––– metaphase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic metaphase
                |–––––– prophase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic prophase
                |–––––– S phase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic S phase
                |–––––– telophase oogonial cell oogonial cell undergoing mitotic telophase
        |––– optic cup progenitor cell A progenitor cell that gives rise to optic cup cells of the eye.
        |––– pharynx progenitor cell foxA1+ neoblasts and their post-mitotic, differentiating daughters required for maintenance and regeneration of the pharynx.
        |––– protonephridial progenitor cell Neoblasts and post-mitotic, differentiating daughters coexpressing POU2-3, six1/2-2, Sal1, Eya and Osr,required for maintenance and regeneration of protonephridial cell types.
        |––– spermatogonium An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis. In planaria, the gh4+ stem cell daughter exiting the niche undergoes three rounds of transit amplifying division with incomplete cytokinesis prior to transitioning to terminal differentiation.
                |–––––– anaphase spermatogonia spermatogonium undergoing mitotic anaphase
                |–––––– G1 phase spermatogonium spermatogonium undergoing mitotic G1 phase
                |–––––– G2 phase spermatogonium spermatogonium undergoing mitotic G2 phase
                |–––––– metaphase spermatogonia spermatogonium undergoing mitotic metaphase
                |–––––– prophase spermatogonium spermatogonium undergoing mitotic prophase
                |–––––– S phase spermatogonium spermatogonium undergoing mitotic S phase
                |–––––– telophase spermatogonium spermatogonium undergoing mitotic telophase
        |––– testis somatic gonadal cell progenitor cell This progenitor cell develops into testis somatic gonadal cell
        |––– ventral epidermis progenitor cell A progenitor cell that gives rise to one or more of the cell type(s) in the epidermis.
somatic cellOne of the cells of the body that compose the tissues, organs, and parts of that individual other than the germ cells.
Expand somatic cell child relations
        |––– Category 1 cell Irradiation-sensitive, mesenchymal cells that are absent from the head region anterior to the eyes and the pharynx. The Category 1 designation encompasses the neoblast population.
        |––– Category 2 cell Post-mitotic, mesenchymally located epidermal progenitors downstream of the zeta neoblasts.
        |––– Category 3 cell Post-mitotic, mesenchymally located epidermal progenitors downstream of the Category 2 cells.
        |––– circular muscle progenitor cell piwi-1+, nkx1-1+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification of circular muscle fibers.
        |––– clonogenic neoblast Pluripotent piwi-1+ stem cells that self-renew, form expanding colonies and produce differentiating daughters that contribute to multiple organ systems. cNeoblasts are predicted to be broadly distributed across the anteroposterior axis of the adult worm.
        |––– terminally differentiated cell A post-mitotic, terminally differentiated cell type found in planarian embryos, juveniles and/or adult animals.
                |–––––– electrically responsive cell A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal.
                        |––––––––– muscle cell A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
                                |–––––––––––– circular muscle cell Body wall muscle fibers arrayed around the dorsoventral axis. Upon regeneration, these are thought to be produced de novo in the blastema.
                                |–––––––––––– diagonal muscle cell Body wall muscle fibers arrayed diagonally along the anteroposterior axis.
                                |–––––––––––– dorsal-ventral muscle cell A muscle cell that runs in the transverse plane that connects the dorsal and ventral sides of the animal.
                                |–––––––––––– embryonic pharynx circular muscle cell Differentiated muscle cell present in a circular muscle fiber of the embryonic pharynx.
                                |–––––––––––– embryonic pharynx radial muscle cell Differentiated radial muscle cell present in the embryonic pharynx.
                                |–––––––––––– longitudinal muscle cell Body wall muscle fibers arrayed along the anteroposterior axis. Upon regeneration, these muscles are thought to be established from truncated pre-existing fibers.Inner most body wall muscle fibers arrayed along the anteroposterior axis. These fibers are thicker than the outer longitudinal muscle fibers. The pattern of these muscles differs along the dorsoventral axis, with the dorsal arrangement converging at the central zone of the anterior pole. The ventral arrangement is more parallel or may diverge slightly as it approaches the ventral pole.
                                        |––––––––––––––– inner longitudinal muscle cell Inner most body wall muscle fibers arrayed along the anteroposterior axis. These fibers are thicker than the outer longitudinal muscle fibers. The pattern of these muscles differs along the dorsoventral axis, with the dorsal arrangement converging at the central zone of the anterior pole. The ventral arrangement is more parallel or may diverge slightly as it approaches the ventral pole.
                                        |––––––––––––––– outer longitudinal muscle cell Body wall muscle fibers arrayed along the anteroposterior axis. Upon regeneration, these muscles are thought to be established from truncated pre-existing fibers.
                                |–––––––––––– medial muscle cell Subset of dorsal-ventral muscle cells located in the medial body region.
                                |–––––––––––– pharynx circular muscle cell Pharynx muscle fibers running circumferentially about the pharynx.
                                        |––––––––––––––– pharynx inner circular muscle cell Pharynx muscle fiber that runs circumferentially about the pharynx and lies just beneath the inner logitudinal pharynx muscle fibers.
                                        |––––––––––––––– pharynx outer circular muscle cell Pharynx muscle fibers thar run circumferentially about the pharynx and lie just beneath the outer longitudinal pharynx muscles.
                                |–––––––––––– pharynx longitudinal muscle cell Pharynx muscle fibers running anteroposterior (proximal to distal).
                                        |––––––––––––––– pharynx inner longitudinal muscle cell Pharynx muscle fibers running anteroposterior which lie beneath both the inner circular muscle fibers and the apical, ciliated portion of the epithium lining the lumenal surface.
                                        |––––––––––––––– pharynx outer longitudinal muscle cell Pharynx muscle fibers running anteroposterior which lie just underneath the apical, cilaited portion of the outer epithelium.
                                |–––––––––––– pharynx radial muscle cell Pharynx muscle fibers that run radially, connecting the outer muscle fibers and epithelia with their inner counterparts.
                |–––––– electrically signaling cell A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell.
                        |––––––––– neuron The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
                                |–––––––––––– afferent neuron A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.
                                        |––––––––––––––– sensory neuron Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.
                                                |–––––––––––––––––– chemosensory neuron Any neuron that capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception.
                                                |–––––––––––––––––– cintillo+ sensory neuron A subset of sensory neurons located along the dorsal head margin.
                                                |–––––––––––––––––– mechanoreceptor cell A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
                                                |–––––––––––––––––– mechanosensory neuron Any neuron that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception.
                                                |–––––––––––––––––– unipolar neuron Neuron with one neurite that extends from the cell body.
                                |–––––––––––– central nervous system neuron Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system.
                                        |––––––––––––––– cephalic ganglia neuron A central nervous system neuron located within the planarian brain.
                                        |––––––––––––––– TrpA+ central nervous system neuron A subset of TrpA+ neurons, located medially in the cephalic ganglia, whose formation is dependent on function of runt-1 and ap2.
                                |–––––––––––– commissural neuron A neuron that has an axon which crosses the midline.
                                |–––––––––––– efferent neuron A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
                                        |––––––––––––––– motor neuron An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement.
                                                |–––––––––––––––––– excitatory motor neuron A motor neuron that is capable of directly inducing muscle contraction.
                                |–––––––––––– embryonic pharynx neuron A neuronal cell innervating the embryonic pharynx. Four neurons innervate the radial muscle fibers that ring the oral opening.
                                |–––––––––––– interneuron Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
                                        |––––––––––––––– bipolar neuron A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body.
                                |–––––––––––– multipolar neuron Neuron with an axon and two or more dendrites.
                                |–––––––––––– neuropeptidergic neuron A neuron that produces and releases neuropeptides at chemical synapses.
                                |–––––––––––– neurosecretory neuron Neuronal cells which synthesize, store and release neurohormones.
                                        |––––––––––––––– cholinergic neuron Neurons that express choline acetyltransferase.
                                        |––––––––––––––– dopaminergic neuron A neuron that expresses the neurotransmitter dopamine.
                                        |––––––––––––––– GABAergic neuron Neurons that express glutamine decarboxylase.
                                        |––––––––––––––– glutamatergic neuron Neurons that express the biogenic amine glutamate.
                                        |––––––––––––––– octopaminergic neuron Neurons that express the biogenic amine octopamine.
                                        |––––––––––––––– serotonergic neuron Neurons that express the neurotransmitter serotonin.
                                |–––––––––––– peripheral nervous system neuron Any neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system.
                                        |––––––––––––––– autonomic neuron A neruon whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.
                                                |–––––––––––––––––– enteric neuron A neruon whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.
                                        |––––––––––––––– excitatory motor neuron A motor neuron that is capable of directly inducing muscle contraction.
                                |–––––––––––– photoreceptor neuron Bipolar photoreceptor neurons with dendritic projections into the optic cup and axons that innervate the underlying brain.
                                |–––––––––––– presynaptic cell The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.
                                |–––––––––––– sympathetic neuron Sympathetic neurons are part of the sympathetic nervous system and are primarily adrenergic producing the neurotransmitter noradrenalin along with other neuropeptides.
                |–––––– epithelial cell A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where the apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.
                        |––––––––– ciliated epithelial cell An epithelial cell that has cilia.
                                |–––––––––––– Category 5 cell Post-mitotic, ciliated epidermal cells.
                                |–––––––––––– oviduct epithelial cell Ciliated epithelial cells that assemble into the oviduct.
                                |–––––––––––– pharynx inner epidermal cell Epithelial cells lining the inside of the pharynx. In Smed, distally located cells are heavily ciliated.
                                |–––––––––––– pharynx outer epidermal cell Heavily ciliated, insunk epithelial cells bounding the outside of the pharynx. Outer pharynx epithelial cell nuclei are positioned beneath the pharynx musculature.
                                |–––––––––––– primitive ectoderm cell Primitive ectoderm cells differentiate from the blastomere population, exit the cell cycle and interact to boud the embryo during Stage 2.
                                |–––––––––––– proximal tubule epithelial cell Ciliated epithelial cells that assemble into proximal tubules.
                                |–––––––––––– sperm duct epithelial cell Ciliated epithelial cells comprising the sperm ducts.
                        |––––––––– embryonic pharynx epithelial cell foxA1+ epithelial cell contained in the embryonic pharynx.
                        |––––––––– epidermal cell An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).
                                |–––––––––––– Category 4 cell Post-mitotic, mesenchymally and epidermally located progenitors downstream of the Category 3 cells.
                                |–––––––––––– Category 5 cell Post-mitotic, ciliated epidermal cells.
                                |–––––––––––– pharynx inner epidermal cell Epithelial cells lining the inside of the pharynx. In Smed, distally located cells are heavily ciliated.
                                |–––––––––––– pharynx outer epidermal cell Heavily ciliated, insunk epithelial cells bounding the outside of the pharynx. Outer pharynx epithelial cell nuclei are positioned beneath the pharynx musculature.
                        |––––––––– gland cell Specialized insunk epithelial cells located in the mesenchyme that participate in mucus secretion. They are characterized by elongated cell bodies with long cytoplasmic projections that terminate between, or penetrate directly throughepithelial cells and form a secretory pore at the surface.
                                |–––––––––––– acidophilic gland cell One of two distinct histochemical classes of gland cells, these can be found throughout the body but primarily form clusters of subepidermal marginal adhesive glands along the dorsoventral border of the animal.
                                        |––––––––––––––– anchor cell Specialized epithelial cell located along the dorsoventral margin that surrounds the viscid and releasing gland cells.
                                        |––––––––––––––– releasing gland cell Specialized insunk epithelial cell that is part of the adhesion gland which is responsible for production of releasing substance.
                                        |––––––––––––––– viscid gland cell A specialized insunk epithelial cell that is part of the adhesion glands which is responsible for production and excretion of the viscid substance allowing adherence to a substrate.
                                |–––––––––––– basophilic gland cell One of two distinct histochemical classes of gland cells, these are found near the ventral mesenchyme, the pharynx and in the dorsal region of the head. May also be called cyanophilic gland cells.
                        |––––––––– non ciliated epithelial cell An epithelial cell lacking cilia.
                                |–––––––––––– Category 4 cell Post-mitotic, mesenchymally and epidermally located progenitors downstream of the Category 3 cells.
                                |–––––––––––– collecting duct epithelial cell Nonciliated epithelial cells that assemble into collecting ducts.
                                |–––––––––––– distal tubule epithelial cell Nonciliated epithelial cells that assemble into protonephridial distal tubules.
                |–––––– excretory cell A cell involved in the elimination of metabolic and foreign toxins, and in maintaining the ionic, acid-base and water balance of biological fluids.
                |–––––– extraembryonic cell Post-mitotic, terminally differentiated cells which, give rise to temporary embryonic tissues.
                        |––––––––– embryonic gut cell Dispersed, phagocytic gut cells that appear during Stage 4 and ultimately generate a honeycomb-like lattice surrounding the central gut cavity in Stage 5 embryos. Early embryonic gut cell specific transcripts are expressed from Stage 4-6, and are downregulated during Stage 7.
                        |––––––––– embryonic pharynx circular muscle cell Differentiated muscle cell present in a circular muscle fiber of the embryonic pharynx.
                        |––––––––– embryonic pharynx epithelial cell foxA1+ epithelial cell contained in the embryonic pharynx.
                        |––––––––– embryonic pharynx neuron A neuronal cell innervating the embryonic pharynx. Four neurons innervate the radial muscle fibers that ring the oral opening.
                        |––––––––– embryonic pharynx radial muscle cell Differentiated radial muscle cell present in the embryonic pharynx.
                        |––––––––– primitive ectoderm cell Primitive ectoderm cells differentiate from the blastomere population, exit the cell cycle and interact to boud the embryo during Stage 2.
                        |––––––––– primitive gut cell A phagocytic cell closely associated with the embryonic pharynx.
                |–––––– flame cell Terminal structure of the protonephridia unit, capping the proximal tubules. Flame cells are defined by the filtration weir or filtration diaphragm, which consists of closely apposed strands of cytoplasm surrounding a central cilia bundle, and by numerous microvilli between weir and cilia. Positive for acetyated tubulin.
                |–––––– intestinal phagocyte Absorptive digestive cells that engulf food particles for intracellular digestion.
                |–––––– neuron associated cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) Cells that are in close proximity to neurons.
                        |––––––––– glial cell A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.
                        |––––––––– pigment cup cell Non-neuronal, pigmented cells arrayed along the proximal side of the optic cup.
                |–––––– ovarian somatic gonadal cell ophis+ somatic cells (gh4-, nanos-) in the ovary that may provide trophic support to female germline stem cells and differentiating oogonia.
                |–––––– phagocytic cell A cell that engulfs large particles or cells via invagination of the plasma membrane and creation of a phagosome.
                |–––––– pigment cell A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules.
                        |––––––––– ommochrome pigment cell Parenchymal cells that synthesize and contain brown ommonchrome pigment.
                |–––––– secretory cell A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances.
                        |––––––––– goblet cell Secretory cells that release digestive enzymes into the lumen of the intestine.
                        |––––––––– neurosecretory neuron Neuronal cells which synthesize, store and release neurohormones.
                                |–––––––––––– cholinergic neuron Neurons that express choline acetyltransferase.
                                |–––––––––––– dopaminergic neuron A neuron that expresses the neurotransmitter dopamine.
                                |–––––––––––– GABAergic neuron Neurons that express glutamine decarboxylase.
                                |–––––––––––– glutamatergic neuron Neurons that express the biogenic amine glutamate.
                                |–––––––––––– octopaminergic neuron Neurons that express the biogenic amine octopamine.
                                |–––––––––––– serotonergic neuron Neurons that express the neurotransmitter serotonin.
                |–––––– sensory cell A cell that performs a sensory function.
                        |––––––––– sensory neuron Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.
                                |–––––––––––– chemosensory neuron Any neuron that capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception.
                                |–––––––––––– cintillo+ sensory neuron A subset of sensory neurons located along the dorsal head margin.
                                |–––––––––––– mechanoreceptor cell A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
                                |–––––––––––– mechanosensory neuron Any neuron that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception.
                                |–––––––––––– unipolar neuron Neuron with one neurite that extends from the cell body.
                |–––––– somatic gonadal cell A non-germline cell within the ovary or testis.
                        |––––––––– testis somatic gonadal cell dmd-1+ expressing somatic cells within the testis that promote male GSC maintenance. dmd-1+, ophis-1+ somatic gonadal cells ensheath germ cells via long cytoplasmic processes and promote differentiation.
                |–––––– yolk cell An extraembryonic cell, produced by somatic vitellogenic glands in adult hermaphrodites, that provides nutrition to the developing embryo.
stem cellA relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Expand stem cell child relations
        |––– female primordial germ cell Cells expressing nanos that are located ventrally in the location that the ovaries form. Primordial germ cells are present in both asexual adults and sexual hermaphrodites. This term may be redundant with oogonial stem cell.
        |––– germline stem cell Stem cell that is the precursor of gametes.
        |––– male primordial germ cell Cells coexpressing piwi-1 and nanos that are required for male gonad formation. Primordial germ cells are present in both asexual adults and sexual hermaphrodites. This term may be redundant with spermatogonial stem cell.
        |––– neoblast A heterogeneous population of pluripotent, somatic adult stem cells and lineage primed progenitors that are required for maintenance and regeneration of all cell types in planaria, including the germline.
                |–––––– anaphase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic anaphase
                |–––––– anterior pole progenitor cell piwi-1+, foxD+, prep+ progenitor neoblasts required for formation of the anterior pole.
                |–––––– circular muscle progenitor cell piwi-1+, nkx1-1+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification of circular muscle fibers.
                |–––––– clonogenic neoblast Pluripotent piwi-1+ stem cells that self-renew, form expanding colonies and produce differentiating daughters that contribute to multiple organ systems. cNeoblasts are predicted to be broadly distributed across the anteroposterior axis of the adult worm.
                |–––––– G1 phase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic G1 phase
                |–––––– G2 phase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic G2 phase
                |–––––– gamma neoblast An abundant neoblast subclass, exhibiting enriched expression of gata456a, hnf4, prox-1 and nkx2.2, implicated in maintenance and regeneration of the definitive gut.
                |–––––– klf+ sensory neuron progenitor cell piwi-1+, klf+ progenitor neoblasts required for production of cintillo+ sensory neurons.
                |–––––– longitudinal muscle progenitor cell piwi-1+, myoD+, snail-1+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification and creation of longitudinal muscle fibers.
                |–––––– metaphase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic metaphase
                |–––––– nu neoblast A population of piwi-2+, ston-2+, elav-2+, ptprd-9+ and msi-1+ progenitors that give rise to one or more neuronal (pc-2+, synapsin+) lineages.
                |–––––– pax3/7+ neural progenitor cell piwi-1+, pax3/7+ progenitor neoblasts implicated in the production of DBH+ ventral midline neurons.
                |–––––– prophase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic prophase
                |–––––– serotonergic neural progenitor cell piwi-1+, lhx1/5-1+, pitx+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification of tph+ serotonergic neurons.
                |–––––– sigma neoblast A heterogeneous subpopulation of neoblasts with enriched expression of SoxP-1 and SoxP-2 thought to contain both pluripotent stem cells and tissue-specific progenitors.
                |–––––– specialized neoblast A presumptive progenitor cell that expresses both pan-neoblast markers and pro-differentiation gene(s), frequently developmental transcription factors, implicated in lineage commitment and tissue-specific differentiation programs.
                |–––––– S phase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic S phase
                |–––––– telophase neoblast neoblast undergoing mitotic telophase
                |–––––– trail cell Ovo+ neoblasts and post-mitotic eye progenitors that simultaneously migrate and differentiate into photoreceptor neurons and non-neuronal pigment cup cells comprising the optic cup.
                |–––––– TrpA+ neural progenitor cell piwi-1+, runt-1+, ap2+ progenitor neoblasts required for production of TrpA+ neurons.
                |–––––– zeta neoblast An abundant neoblast subclass consisting of p53+, zfp1+ progenitors required for maintenance and regeneration of epidermal cell type(s).
        |––– oogonial stem cell A piwi-1+, nanos+ cell residing in the ovary that self-renews and give rise to oogonial cells that differentiate into oocytes.
                |–––––– anaphase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic anaphase
                |–––––– G1 phase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G1 phase
                |–––––– G2 phase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G2 phase
                |–––––– metaphase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic metaphase
                |–––––– prophase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic prophase
                |–––––– S phase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic S phase
                |–––––– telophase oogonial stem cell oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic telophase
        |––– spermatogonial stem cell gh4+, nanos+ cells residing at the testis periphery that self-renew and give rise to differentiating daughters that will ultimately produce haploid sperm.
                |–––––– anaphase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic anaphase
                |–––––– G1 phase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G1 phase
                |–––––– G2 phase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G2 phase
                |–––––– metaphase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic metaphase
                |–––––– prophase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic prophase
                |–––––– S phase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic S phase
                |–––––– telophase spermatogonial stem cell spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic telophase
X1 cellA sorted cell population enriched for irradiation-sensitive, cycling cells (4n cells, with high levels of Hoescht 33342 staining) with scant cytoplasm (low levels of calcein-AM staining). X1 cells are enriched for cycling neoblasts.
X1(FS) cellA heterogeneous sorted cell population of unstained planarian cells with similar size and complexity to irradiation-sensitive, cycling cells contained in the X1 gate. Unlike X1 cells, X1(FS) cells are amenable to cell transplantation.
X2 cellA sorted cell population containing irradiation-sensitive and irradiation-insensitive cells, characterized by weak Hoescht 33342 and calcein-AM staining. X2 cell populations contain neoblasts as well as a variety of lineage-dedicated post-mitotic progenitor cells.
Xins cellA sorted cell population of irradiation-insensitive cells that contains a variety of post-mitotic, differentiated cell types.

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developing anatomical structure

termdefinition
embryonic structureAnatomical structure that is part of an embryo.
extraembryonic structureA multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis.
Expand extraembryonic structure child relations
        |––– embryonic digestive system A cryptic digestive system in Stage 3-6 embryos comprised of temporary embryonic cell types and organs, including the embryonic pharynx and primitive gut cells. Embryonic gut cells, likely produced from blastomeres, form a phagocytic tissue layer surrounding the inner gut cavity during Stages 4-6. It is not known whether the embryonic gut is temporary embryonic tissue or a definitive tissue. For convenience, the embryonic gut is currently designated as an extraembryonic structure because cell type specific markers for the embryonic gut do not stain the definitive gut in hatchlings or adult animals.

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regenerating anatomical structure

termdefinition
blastemaA regenerating tissue composed of a proliferative mass of undifferentiated progenitor cells from which new differentiated structures arise.
Expand blastema child relations
        |––– head blastema blastema which develops into head
        |––– tail blastema blastema which develops into tail
fragmentA piece of tissue isolated from the body.
Expand fragment child relations
        |––– anterior fragment A fragment encompassing all or part of the anterior region of the animal.
        |––– fission fragment A fragment derived from a spontaneous or induced fission event.
        |––– head fragment A fragment derived from a prepharyngeal amputation encompassing the head.
        |––– lateral fragment A fragment derived from an amputation parallel to or along any edge, which overlaps the lateral region, dorso-lateral region, ventro-lateral region, antero-lateral margin, lateral margin, ventro-lateral margin, postero-lateral margin, dorso-lateral margin, antero-lateral region, postero-lateral region. [SMR: a fragment that encompasses the side of the animal, not necessarily longituduinal, or parallel to the midline]
        |––– longitudinal fragment a fragment derived from an amputation parallel to the midline.
                |–––––– thick fragment A longitudinal fragment containing the preexisting midline and medial structures.
                |–––––– thin fragment A longitudinal fragment lacking a midline and medial structures.
        |––– plug fragment A 3D piece of tissue, usually though the whole depth of the animal encompassing both dorsal and ventral sides, often made with a biopsy punch.
        |––– posterior fragment A fragment encompassing all or part of the posterior region of the animal.
        |––– postpharyngeal fragment A fragment derived from two postpharyngeal amputations, removing the anterior region and the tail tip.
        |––– prepharyngeal fragment A fragment derived from two prepharyngeal amputations, removing the head and posterior regions of the animal.
        |––– regenerating fragment A fragment that has undergone wound healing and is undergoing tissue replacement and morphallaxis.
        |––– tail fragment A fragment derived from a postpharyngeal amputation encompassing the tail.
        |––– trunk fragment A fragment derived from pre- and post-pharyngeal amputations, encompassing the pharynx and parapharyngeal region.
        |––– wedge fragment A piece of tissue removed from the lateral margin at any given point that extendes interiorly to more medial structures.
primordiumPrimordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue.
Expand primordium child relations
        |––– cephalic ganglia primordium This primordium develops into cephalic ganglia
        |––– eye primordium This primordium develops into eye
        |––– gonad primoridium This primordium develops into gonad
                |–––––– ovary primordium This primordium develops into ovary
                |–––––– testis primordium This primordium develops into testis
        |––– pharynx primordium This primordium develops into pharynx
        |––– pigment cup primordium This primordium develops into optic cup

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